lasswells model of communicat Essay Example

lasswells model of communicat Essay An Evaluation of the 2004 Philippine Election Campaign Using Lasswell;s Model of Communication Comparing the recent Philippine election with the past ones, one would notice the great dependence on media during the campaign of the candidates in the recent race. It seems that most candidates really knew the extent of media;s influence in the outcome of the elections.Moreover, the results of the election further indicate how much media plays a part in our decisions for our country.Harold Lasswell;s communication model can be used to evaluate this recent event and see why some candidates prevailed and others did not. Thefirst stage of Lasswell;s model, ;Who;, seeks to explain who is in control.It would be reasonable to argue that those who were ;in control; in the campaign period were those who won seats in the government.In relation to George Gerbner;s model, those who were ;in control; were those who had access to the media.During the campaign period, TV audiences were bombarded with p olitical advertisements, of which candidates spent millions for, especially during prime time.Because of this expensive way of campaigning, we can conclude that riches played a great part in the recent elections.Money was one way of gaining access to the media in order to reach people of different sectors. Their frequent appearances have helped them gain recognition.Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo reportedly spent P333 million while Fernando Poe Jr. used up 92.1 million.Noli de Castro was said to have spent P89.6 million while his main vice presidential rival, Loren Legarda spent P64.9 million. Another VP candidate, Herminio Aquino declared in his statement of expenditures and contributions a total of P6.58 million, way below compared to that of the other two other candidates; expense.Among the senatorial bets, Manuel ;Mar; Roxas, the candidate with the most vote

The Life Cycle of a Star

The Life Cycle of a Star Introduction For millenniums, stars have fascinated the human race. In medieval times, these heavenly bodies were thought to possess mystical powers and some civilizations even worshiped them. This supernatural view was caused by the lack of information on the true nature of stars. Modern science has enabled man to study stars and come up with scientific explanations of what they are and why they shine. Astronomers in the 20th century have been able to come up with a credible model of the entire life cycle of stars. Green and Burnell (2004) state that the life cycle of a star takes place over a timescale that appears infinitely long to human beings. Astronomers are therefore unable to study the complete life cycle of stars since the changes occur at a very slow rate to be observed. The evolutionary pattern of stars is therefore deduced by observing their wide range at different stages of their existence. This paper will set out to provide a detailed description of the life-cycle of a star. Birth of a Star Stars are born from vast clouds of hydrogen gas and interstellar dust. This gas and dust clouds floating around in space are referred to as a nebula (NASA2010). Nebulas exist in different forms with some glowing brightly due to energizing of the gas by previously formed stars while others are dark due to the high density of hydrogen in the gas cloud.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Life Cycle of a Star specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A star is formed when the gas and dust making up the nebula start to contract due to their own gravitational pull. As this matter condenses due to gravitational pull, the gas and dust begin to spin. This spinning motion causes the matter to generate heat and it forms a dull red protostar (Krumenaker, 2005). When the protostar is formed, the remaining matter of the star is still spread over a significant amount of space. The protostar keeps heating up due to t he gravitational pressure until the temperature is high enough to initiate the nuclear fusion process (NASA, 2010). The minimum temperature required is about 15 million degrees Kelvin and it is achieved in the core of the protostar. The nuclear fusion process uses hydrogen as fuel to sustain the reaction and helium gas is formed from the fusion of the hydrogen nuclei. At this stage, the inward pull of gravity in the star is balanced by the outward pressure created by the heat of the nuclear fusion reaction taking place in the core of the star (Lang, 2013). Due to this balance, the star is stable and because of the nuclear fusion, considerable heat and a yellow light is emitted from the star, which is capable of shining for millions or even billions of years depending on its size. Mature and Ageing Stars The newly formed star is able to produce energy through nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium for millions to billions of years. During the nuclear fusion process, the heavier heliu m gas sinks into the core of the star. More heat is generated from this action and eventually, the hydrogen gas at the outer shell also begins to fuse (Krumenaker, 2005). This fusing causes the star to swell and its brightness increases significantly. The closest star to the Earth is the Sun and scientists predict that it is at this stage of its life cycle. The brightness of a star is directly related to its mass since the greater the mass, the greater the amount of hydrogen available for use in the process of nuclear fusion. Death of a Star A star dies when its fuel (hydrogen) is used up and the nuclear fusion process can no longer occur. Without the nuclear reaction, the star lacks the outward force necessary to prevent the mass of the gas and dust from crashing down upon it and consequently, it starts to collapse upon itself (Lang, 2013). As the star ages, it continues to expand and the hydrogen gas available for fuel is used up.Advertising Looking for essay on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The star collapses under its own weight and all the matter in the core is compressed causing it to be being heated up again. At this stage, the hydrogen in the core of the star is used up and the star burns up more complex elements including carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen as fuels. The surface therefore cools down and a red giant star, which is 100 times larger than the original yellow star, is formed. From this stage, the path followed in the cycle is determined by the individual mass of a star. Path for Low Mass Stars For low mass stars, which are about the same size as the Sun, a helium fusion process begins where the helium making up the core of the star fuses into carbon. At this stage, a different heating process from the original hydrogen nuclear fusion process occurs. Al-Khalili (2012) explains that due to the compression heat, the helium atoms are forced together to make heavier elemen ts. When this occurs, the star begins to shrink and during this process, materials are ejected to form a bright planetary nebula that drifts away. The remaining core turns into a small white dwarf star, which has an extremely high temperature. The white dwarf is capable of burning for a few billion years but eventually it cools. When this happens, a black crystalline object referred to as a black dwarf is formed. Path for High Mass Stars For high-mass stars which are significantly bigger than the Sun, the carbon produced from helium fission fuses with oxygen. More complex reactions occur and eventually an iron core is formed at the center of the star. Since this iron does not fuel the nuclear fission process, the outward pressure provided by the previous nuclear process does not occur and the star collapses. The collapse leads to a supernova explosion. Green and Burnell (2004) describe a Supernova as the explosive death of a star (p.164). During this explosion, the star produces an extreme amount of energy, some of which is carried away by a rapidly expanding shell of gas. The exploding star attains a brightness of 100 million suns although this amount of energy release can only last for a short duration of time. For stars that are about five to ten times heavier than the sun, the supernova is followed by a collapse of the remaining core to form a neutron star or pulsar. As the name suggests, neutron stars are made up of neutrons produced from the action of the supernova on the protons and electrons previously available in the star (Krumenaker, 2005). These stars have a very high density and a small surface area since their diameter stretches for only 20km (Al-Khalili, 2012). If the neutron star exhibits rapid spinning motion, it is referred to as a pulsar.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Life Cycle of a Star specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For stars that are 30 to 50 times heavier than t he Sun, the explosion and supernova formation lead to the formation of a black hole. In this case, the core of the star has a very high gravitational pull that prevents protons and neutrons from combining. Due to their immense gravitational pull, black holes swallow up objects surrounding them including stars and they lead to a distortion of the space. Parker (2009) observes that the gravity of the black hole is so strong that even light is unable to escape from this pull. The only substance thing that black holes emit is radiation mostly in the form of X-rays. Conclusion This paper set out to provide an informative description of the life cycle of a star. It started with nothing but modern astronomy has made it possible for mankind to come up with a convincing sequence for the life cycle of a star. The paper has noted that all stars are formed from a nebula cloud. It has revealed that the life expectancy of stars can vary from a million to many billions of years depending on their mass. A star begins to die when it runs out of hydrogen and the fusion reaction can no longer occur. The paper has also demonstrated that the death of a star is dependent on its mass. If a star is the size of the Sun, it will die off as a white dwarf while if it is significantly bigger, it will have an explosive death as a supernova. References Al-Khalili, J. (2012). Black Holes, Wormholes, and Time Machines. Boston: CRC Press. Green, S.F., Burnell, J. (2004). An Introduction to the Sun and Stars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Krumenaker, L. (2005). The Characteristics and the Life Cycle of Stars: An Anthology of Current Thought. NY: The Rosen Publishing Group.Advertising Looking for essay on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lang, R.K. (2013). The Life and Death of Stars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. NASA. (2010). The Life Cycles of Stars: How Supernovae Are Formed. Web. Parker, K. (2009). Black Holes. London: Marshall Cavendish.

Cost Descriptions Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cost Descriptions Paper - Essay Example However, the variable cost per unit is fixed for a specific level of production or cost. It will vary in total amount proportionately with some measures of business activity, like costs associated with power, maintenance, etc. Whereas Direct Cost are those cost which can be traced to a specific cost objective or costs which is easily traceable by per unit and allocated through cost centers. Like direct material, direct labor etc. Manufacturing Cost is the name of aggregate resources of direct material, direct labor and FOH which is allocated in manufacturing the product. Manufacturing costs are also referred to as production costs. Manufacturing cost also describes how much cost is incurred on each unit produced. By estimating the manufacturing cost, the management is able to value the units produced in a year, cost of goods sold and inventory, which ultimately, is reported in the income statement and balance sheet of the company. Manufacturing costs include all cost from acquisition of material to conversion into finished goods. Packing material, fuel expense, lubricants, depreciation on factory equipments, wages, repair and maintenance, all contribute to the manufacturing cost. Product Costs are those costs which are identifiable with the product either directly or indirectly. Product cost mainly consists of direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead. ... Moreover, if the product is sold it is recorded as Cost of Goods Sold in the books of accounts and then COGS is matched against the revenue (matching principle) generated by selling the product. In short, product costs are those costs which are treated as inventory that is ready for sale. They are treated as assets until the products are sold (Garrison, 2004). All those cost which are not attributed to product cost are treated as Period Cost. Period cost is treated as expensed and directly reported to income statement in the period when they are incurred. Period cost are not debated over purchase or cost of goods manufactured. Period cost include all selling expenses, general and administration expenses, interest expense and income tax expense (Garrison, 2004). In short, Period costs are reported on the income statement separated from the cost of goods sold section. The period cost is deducted from gross profit. Period cost is not essentially the part of the manufacturing process so therefore period cost is not treated as a cost of inventory (Meigs et al, 1999). An Opportunity Cost means to get or select the benefit of one alternative by rejecting the other opportunity. It is the cost associated with the best forgone alternative. The opportunity costs is not present in the books of accounts but it is relevant and appropriate with respect to managerial decision making. Like if a students decides to attend summer school rather than accepting a job of making $500 a week, than the true cost of attending school is more than just books, meals, housing etc and the opportunity cost is $500. Sunk Costs are not relevant in decision making because these costs have been incurred and cannot be changed. Like in the oil exploration