Gender Equality Within College Athletics - 1405 Words

Inequality is often defined as the condition of being unequal; a lack of equality; a disparity or unequal opportunity, or treatment resulting from this disparity. Almost forty-four years ago a federal law was mandated that enforced gender equality in all schools. At the time Title IX was enacted, only 30,000 women were participating in an NCAA sport, compared to the 170,000 men. The National Collegiate Athletic Association, or NCAA offered no scholarships to women, nor did they offer championship tournaments (Tigay). Since the enactment of this law, the number of women who compete in college-level sports has increased more than five times since 1972, however, advocates say there is still a significant amount of work to be done while those against it say the law has come with unintended consequences. Those in favor of Title IX marvel at the continuing strides in granting women athletic equality, however, critics have opposed such advances due to the unjust impact it has had on male a thletes. Although Title IX was authorized to enforce gender equality within college athletics, it has also had a huge impact on women’s professional athletics. This impact includes a significantly higher amount of women being able to compete in athletics at the high school, college, and professional level. Many advocates say that the use of Title IX has given women’s professional sports teams a chance to reach greatness. They prove this by stating that because there are more opportunities givenShow MoreRelatedEssay on Gender Equity in College Sports1139 Words   |  5 PagesGender Equity in College Sports â€Å"Gender Equality In College Sports?† An on going issue facing education today is the growing controversial topic of gender equality in sports participation and it’s so call quota for achieving equality. The most notable action that has taken place as women continue to strive towards equality in the athletic realm is what is known as, Title IX. The basic ideas underlying Title IX are that â€Å"if an institution sponsors an athletics program, it must provide equalRead MoreTitle IX was put in place to help women. This act was supposed to stop situations such as unfair700 Words   |  3 Pagesinjustices are not diminishing over time, as Duncan and Messner (2000), in their longitudinal analysis, found the amount and type of coverage of womens sport in broadcast media has not changed since 1989† (Cunningham 44). The problem of inequality within media has been a problem for years and there haven’t been improvements. It has been said over the years that the amount of media coverage may vary depending on what female sport it is. Cunningham says, â€Å"Several authors have found that women participatingRead MoreWomen s Sexual Discrimination At Academic Institutes1503 Words   |  7 Pagesretaliation against an individual who, in good faith, asserts his or her rights under Title IX or other applicable federal laws and state laws prohibiting illegal discrimination. Title IX was established around discrimination based on gender in 1972, and promotes equality between men and women in education. Congress developed Title IX in order to spark the act of going against sexual discrimination at academic institutes that were federally funded to promote the participation of women in school sportsRead MoreTaking a Look at Title IX1864 Words   |  7 Pagesmultiple scholarship opportunities to go to college where as females do not. They tell you to be a cheerleader or work in the kitchen and stay at home, but in your heart you are a competitor and have a passion for sports. This is a feeling that many females felt before Title IX; was explicated to give female’s gender equality in sports. Title IX has positively affected women’s sports over the years, but can negatively impact men’s teams, especially within the collegiate field. Title IX has changedRead MoreTitle IX of the Education Amendments of 1972722 Words   |  3 Pagesof 1972 simply bans gender discrimination allowing equal participation by males and females in any sport of their choice (Cummings 182). Through this portion of the Education Amendments of 1972, women have gained more playing opportunities and caused athletic departments to expand. Permitting women to participate in sports, provides many benefits to sports teams participation wise. SInce women are no longer allowed to be denied the chance to play on a team because of their gender, more teams must beRead MoreEquality Between Men And Women1463 Words   |  6 Pagesretaliation against an individual who, in good faith, asserts hi s or her rights under Title IX or other applicable federal laws and state laws prohibiting illegal discrimination. Title IX was established around discrimination based on gender in 1972, and promotes equality between men and women in education. Congress developed Title IX in order to spark the act of going against sexual discrimination at academic institutes that were federally funded to promote the participation of women in school sportsRead MoreAnalysis Of A Miniature Lit 1742 Words   |  7 PagesJarvis Washington Miniature Lit Review Introduction Gender inequality in sport is a hot button issue in our society today. Women, for the most part, have been on the short end of the stick for centuries in reference to participation in sports. Way back in Ancient times, women were not even allowed to watch the Olympics games because they were deemed â€Å"ladylike†. Women slowly began to play sports beginning in the 1800s. Some notable events were the first all-women’s golf tournament in Scotland inRead MoreWomen s Women Faced Gender Discrimination1737 Words   |  7 Pagesfaced gender discrimination in politics in regards to plausibility about political obligation that falls along the lines of gender. Various gender representation within a representative democracy were consistent of male supremacy. Women were denied full citizenship rights such as the right to vote. Women fought for their suffrage in order to gain the right to vote and be entitled social, civil, and moral rights for themselves. Despite the increasing p resence of women in American Politics, gender stereotypesRead MoreThe Main Conflict Within the Administration of the Title IX910 Words   |  4 Pagesto increase female athletic opportunities into an obtrusive quota system that has begun to do more harm than good. Although Title IX has helped in the past to increase gender equality within collegiate sports, in recent years, enforcing its policies has resulted in a decrease of support for male athletes. The problem is not with the general law of Title IX itself, which simply states that any education program receiving federal funding cannot discriminate based on gender (â€Å"Gender Equity† 339): it isRead MoreThe Impact Of Long Women On Education And Sports1323 Words   |  6 PagesForty-three years. That’s how long women have had equality in education and sports. Due to the passage of Title IX, also known as one of the Education Amendments of 1972, it is illegal for educational institutions to discriminate on the basis of sex which includes all academic and extra-curricular programs such as sports. Title IX explicitly gives women equal rights, stating â€Å"no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or

Differences Between Female And Female Actions And Behaviors

Matthew Drozd Dissolving Gender Definitions There are observed differences between male and female actions and behaviors in As You Like It; males are ‘required’ to be reasonable—to act with reason—while females seem to make rash decisions based on emotions. Orlando, one of the minor protagonists in As You Like It, acts with his emotions, a quality that Rosalind, the major protagonist, sees as feminine. However, she does not want Orlando to necessarily loose sight of his emotions but rather be more in control of them. His emotionally-geared actions were, and are, controversial because it—men acting on emotions—goes against the stereotype that men acknowledge their emotions. Along side of Orlando’s stereotypical opposition, Rosalind also†¦show more content†¦Having As You Like It shift and modify the views of woman was, for a lack of a better word, revolutionary and could be seen as one of the first feminist movements. Duke Fredrich banishes Duke Senior from the kingdom and Rosalind, Duke Senior’s daughter, was obviously banished as well. When Celia, Duke Fredrich’s daughter, heard news of Rosalind’s banishment, she joined Rosalind in running off into the forest. Rosalind and Celia propose an idea to dress up as men to avoid any male objectified attention while traveling through the forest. At this point, the first major gender stereotype is seen: masculine freedom. In the sixteenth century France, women were viewed as frail and helpless. Rosalind and Celia dress up as men so they may travel through the forest ‘safer.’ By traveling as men, both Celia and Rosalind’s appearance would seem tougher inevitably being able to hid their â€Å"women’s fear† (1.3.117). Rosalind mentions a few ‘manly’ characteristics: â€Å"swashing and a martial outside† (1.3.118) signifies the tough exterior that men have; â€Å"That do outface it w ith their semblances† (1.3.120) signifies that even men themselves can pretend to be tough, just by being a biological man. The fact that Rosalind and Celia dress as men suggests that masculinity is merely a role to be played with; it is not definitive or associable with biological gender. Rosalind being a woman does not mean she needs to conform with the typical women characteristic of

Week 4 Free Essays

Hey, Bradley, did you get the recommendations for the pay and benefits strategies I sent over? Bradley: Yes, I got them and I’m still looking them over, but they look really good so far. Traci: Great! While you review those, I’d Ilke to have my employees start working on some recommendations for a performance management plan for you. Is that all right? Bradley: That would be great. We will write a custom essay sample on Week 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now What Information do you need from me? Traci: I think I have everything I need, but let me Just run through It with you to make sure our Information Is current. Let me pull up my list. 0K†¦ type of business? Bradley: Limousine service. Traci: New location? Bradley: Austin, Texas. Traci: Current location? Bradley: Same place. Traci: Number of employees? Bradley: Plan for 25. Traci: Annual Net Revenue? Bradley: I expect -$50,000 annual net revenue this year. Traci: Revenue growth? Bradley: 5%, for a couple of years. Traci: 0K, that’s the information I have on file, so we’re good to go there. We’ll also need to know your turnover rate. Bradley: Sure. I’m going to predict an annual employee turnover rate of 10%. Traci: All right. That should be all the information we need right now to come up with some recommendations for you. We’ll get them over to you within the next week or two. Bradley: That sounds great! Traci: 0K, have a great week. Bradley: You too. It’s Traci again. This week, I need you to develop a performance management framework to recommend to the client. You’ll need to make sure you address the following: Alignment of the performance management framework to the organizational business strategy Organizational performance philosophy The job analysis process you will complete to Identify the skills needed by employees Methods used for measuring the employee’s skills Process for addressing skill gaps Approach for delivering effective performance feedback Oh, and make sure to reference my communication with the client for any relevant information. I look forward to seeing what you develop. Thanks, Traci Goldeman Required elements: No more than 1400 words Week 4 By matshea Phone Conversation with Bradley Stonefleld far. Traci: Great! While you review those, I’d like to have my employees start working right? Bradley: That would be great. What information do you need from me? Traci: I think I have everything I need, but let me Just run through it with you to make sure our information is current. Let me pull up my list. 0K†¦ type of business? Bradley: The Job analysis process you will complete to identify the skills needed by How to cite Week 4, Papers

Management Accounting Ch 12 Problems Essay Example For Students

Management Accounting Ch 12 Problems Essay CHAPTER 12 FINANCIAL CONTROL TRUE/FALSE 1. Financial control involves the use of financial measures to assess organizational and management performance. a. True b. False 2. Financial measures identify what is wrong with an organization, not simply provide a signal that something needs attention. a. True b. False 3. Financial measures can highlight falling sales and profits in an organization, but only nonfinancial measures can identify why this is occurring. a. True b. False 4. Properly chosen nonfinancial measures anticipate and help to explain financial results in an organization. . True b. False 5. In a centralized organization, front-line employees are trained to respond to changes in the business environment. a. True b. False 6. The amount of decentralization in an organization reflects the organization’s trust in its employees and other factors. a. True b. False 7. When an organization moves to decentralized decision making, control moves from results control to task con trol. a. True b. False 8. For an organization to be successful, activities within sales, manufacturing, and customer service need to be coordinated. . True b. False 9. Organizations use nonfinancial control to provide a summary measure of how well their systems of operations control are working. a. True b. False 10. Properly chosen nonfinancial measures anticipate and explain financial results. a. True b. False 11. A support department, such as human resources, should be evaluated as a revenue center. a. True b. False 12. A major problem faced by cost centers is assigning jointly earned revenues. a. True b. False 13. A profit center is like an independent business. a. True b. False 14. The performance measures chosen should influence the employees’ decision-making behavior. a. True b. False 15. For the segment manager to be properly evaluated, common costs should be allocated to the various segments, even if an arbitrary allocation is required. a. True b. False 16. Contribution margin is the best measure of the controllable contribution of a profit center toward organizational profit. a. True b. False 17. If a product line was eliminated, forecasted annual corporate profits in the short run would decrease by the amount of that product line’s net income. . True b. False 18. In general, managers are motivated to influence generated revenues when those revenues are included in their performance measures. a. True b. False 19. Conventional segment margin income statements clearly capture the interactive effects among responsibility centers. a. True b. False 20. A major goal of transfer pricing is to motivate the decision maker to act in the organizationâ⠂¬â„¢s best interests. a. True b. False 21. Transfer prices based on actual costs provide no incentive to the supplying division to control costs. a. True b. False 22. If external markets exist, then cost-based transfer prices are the most appropriate. a. True b. False 23. Negotiated transfer prices, and therefore production decisions, may reflect the negotiating skills of the parties rather than economic considerations. a. True b. False 24. Return on investment (ROI) encourages segment managers to reject all capital projects with returns greater than the company’s cost of capital. a. True b. False 25. The most widely accepted definition of productivity is the ratio of output over input. a. True b. False 26. The financial measure, economic value added evaluates income relative to the level of investment required. a. True b. False 27. A sole ratio value is generally not very useful. a. True b. False 28. The net profit margin ratio for Wal-Mart, a discount store, is approximately 3%. This is low compared to Microsoft’s 20% net profit margin ratio, and therefore, indicates Wal-Mart is a poor investment. a. True b. False 29. In general, a discount retail store, such as K-mart, would be expected to have a greater inventory turnover ratio than an automotive retailer. a. True b. False 30. In general, a debt ratio of 60% indicates lower financial risk than a debt ratio of 80%. a. True b. False MULTIPLE CHOICE 31. Measure of financial control highlight: a. falling profits b. poor quality c. high prices d. unsatisfactory service 32. All of the following are reasons that financial control may be an ineffective scorecard EXCEPT that: a. it fails to identify the causes or drivers of performance b. it focuses on financial measures while ignoring other important attributes of performance c. it focuses on long-term rather than short-term performance measures d. t is an aggregate, rather than a detailed measure of performance 33. Performance measures for financial control include all of the following EXCEPT: a. reduced cycle times b. ROI ( return on investment) and economic value added c. profit d. cost 34. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding financial and nonfinancial measures of performance? a. Nonfinancial measures may help to anticipate and explain financia l results. b. Financial measures include aggregate measures. c. Nonfinancial measures may help to identify the causes of financial results. . Financial measures are lead indicators of future success. 35. In a centralized organization: a. local-division managers have greater control over their business segments b. there are few deviations from the standardized way of doing things c. front-line employees are trained to respond to changes in the business environment d. decisions are made by the managers most familiar with the problems and opportunities 36. In a decentralized organization: a. local-division managers must receive higher approval for most business decisions b. ompany-wide standard operating procedures are common c. local-division managers have an opportunity to gain decision-making experience d. decisions are made by senior executives 37. A decentralized organization does all the following EXCEPT it: a. encourages local success rather than organizational success b. trains employees in skills needed for decision making c. assigns responsibility to front-line employees d. adapts to the local business environment 38. All of the following are true of responsibility centers EXCEPT that they: a. perate like a small business b. promote the interests of the larger organization c. coordinate activities with other responsibility centers d. are best used in a centralized organization 39. The MOST likely result of decentralization is to give local-division managers the responsibility for: a. evaluating strategic goals b. allocating joint costs c. operating decisions d. financial control 40. All of the following would likely be classified as cost centers except: a. Maintenance department at local grocery store. b. your university’s computer center . X-ray department of hospital d. All of the above are cost centers. 41. A local unit is evaluated as a profit center but the corporate office controls many facets of the operation. If local-unit performance is poor, it may reflect: a. poor corporate decisions b. poor local decisions c. conditions that no one can control d. All of the above are correct. 42. Measuring performance based on cost per unit will motivate performance that includes keeping __________ under control. a. only costs b. costs and on-time delivery c. costs and the amount of defects d. only quality 43. A cost center is a business segment: a. that usually evaluates employee performance by comparing the center’s actual costs with target or standard costs for the amount and type of work done b. in which interperiod cost comparisons can be misleading if the output level and production mix are constant c. that usually includes individual stores within a department-store chain d. that should be evaluated solely on its ability to control and reduce costs 44. All of the following are true of a revenue center EXCEPT that it: a. controls service quality and units sold . controls the acquisition cost of the product or service sold c. may control price, product mix, and promotional activities d. may incur sales and marketing costs 45. When responsibility centers are treated as profit centers: a. the segment manager has responsibility for pricing and product selection, but not for purchasing and promotion b. the corporate office makes most of the operating and pricing decisions c. the in formation technology group of a manufacturing firm would typically be treated as a profit center d. here are usually problems associated with assigning jointly earned revenues 46. A fully-owned subsidiary of a multinational firm reports return on investment four times a year. This is an example of: a. a revenue center b. a cost center c. an investment center d. a profit center 47. Segment margin includes: a. all costs traceable to the segment b. the segment’s share of allocated corporate costs c. the segment’s share of allocated unavoidable costs d. All of the above are correct. 48. Managers of cost centers are responsible for: a. costs and investments. b. evenues and costs. c. costs, revenues, and investments. d. costs. 49. Segment margin is calculated as follows: a. Revenues less flexible costs. b. Revenues less expenses. c. Revenues less direct costs. d. Revenues less variable costs. 50. Caution should be taken when interpreting a segment margin income statement bec ause: a. revenues may be based on transfer prices b. the interactive effects among responsibility centers are generally not clearly captured c. expenses may be a result of subjective allocation of jointly incurred costs d. All of the above are correct. 51. Utilities might be allocated to individual cost centers: a. based on the square footage each cost center uses b. based on the number of employees utilized by each individual center c. only if the allocation serves some decision-making purpose d. never, because it is a non-cash cost that should not be allocated THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION APPLIES TO QUESTIONS 52 THROUGH 55. The management accountant for the Ortega Organics has prepared the following segmented income statement for the most current year. ProduceFish MeatSundriesTotal Sales$60,000$100,000$40,000$200,000 Variable expenses36,00065,00020,000121,000 Contribution margin24,00035,00020,00079,000 Other costs18,00021,000 8,00047,000 Segment margin6,00014,00012,00032,000 Allocated avoidable costs 2,000 3,000 3,0008,000 Segment income4,00011,0009,00024,000 Allocated corporate costs 7,000 7,000 7,00021,000 Corporate profit$(3,000)$ 4,000$ 2,000$ 3,000 52. If the Produce department had been eliminated prior to this year, the company would have reported: a. greater corporate profits b. the same amount of corporate profits c. less corporate profits d. resulting profits cannot be determined 53. If the Fish Meat department had been discontinued, the short-term effect on corporate profits would be a decrease of: a. $35,000 b. $14,000 c. $11,000 d. $4,000 54. Assume that the Sundries department has been discontinued and long-term capacity of the company has had time to adjust. The projected long-term effect of this action on annual corporate profits would be a decrease of: a. $20,000 b. $12,000 c. $9,000 d. $2,000 55. Assume an advertising campaign could increase revenues for any of the products by $15,000. To maximize corporate profits, the __________ department should receive the advertising dollars. Assume the cost of the advertising campaign is less than the revenues it generates. a. Sundries b. Fish Meat c. Produce d. From the information given, the correct product line cannot be determined. 56. If a company subscribes to the controllability principle, then it would be best to evaluate product line management on: a. contribution margin b. corporate profit c. segment income d. segment margin 57. The primary goal of transfer pricing is to: a. motivate the decision maker to act in the organization’s best interests b. obtain a high transfer price for the supplying unit c. btain a high transfer price for the receiving unit d. agree on a price for external sales 58. All of the following are true of market-based transfer prices EXCEPT that they: a. may lead to goods/services being purchased externally b. provide an independent valuation c. exist for all transferred products and services d. provide the proper economic incentives 59. All of the following are true of cost-based transfer prices EXCEPT that they: a. provide no incentive to the supplying division to control costs when actual costs are used b. ay use standard costs to help maintain operating efficiency c. promote the optimal level of transactions for the overall organization d. don’t give proper guidance when operating capacity is constrained 60. The MOST likely result of a negotiated transfer price is that it: a. takes away the ultimate responsibility of the resulting transfer price from the two parties b. may reflect the relative negotiating skills of the two parties c. generally results in transferring more than the optimum number of units d. reflects purely economic considerations 1. An administered transfer price: a. is most often used for infrequent transactions b. retains the accountability of both parties c. reflects pure economic considerations d. provides an arbitrary distribution of revenues and costs between the responsibility centers THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION APPLIES TO QUE STIONS 62 THROUGH 65. The Jordan Company manufacturers only one type of shoe and has two divisions, the Sole Division and the Assembly Division. The Sole Division manufactures soles and then sells them to the Assembly Division, which completes the shoes and sells them to retailers. The market price for the Assembly Division to purchase a pair of soles is $20. Fixed costs are per pair at 100,000 units. Soles costs per pair of soles are: Direct materials$4 Direct labor$3 Variable overhead$2 Division fixed costs$1 Assemblys costs per completed pair of shoes are: Direct materials$5 Direct labor$1 Variable overhead$1 Division fixed costs$9 62. If the cost-based transfer price is 180% of variable costs , what is the transfer price per pair of soles from the Sole Division to the Assembly Division? a. $14. 40 b. $12. 60 c. $16. 20 d. $28. 80 63. Calculate and compare the difference in overall corporate net income between Scenario A and Scenario B if the Assembly Division sells 100,000 pairs of shoes for $60 per pair to customers. Scenario A: Negotiated transfer price of $15 per pair of soles Scenario B: Market-based transfer price a. $500,000 more net income under Scenario A b. $500,000 of net income using Scenario B c. $100,000 of net income using Scenario A d. None of the above is correct. 64. Assume the transfer price for a pair of soles is 180% of full costs of the Sole Division and 100,000 of soles are produced and transferred to the Assembly Division. The Water Cycle EssayCompute the operating income for each division and the company as a whole. Use market value as the transfer price. b. Are all managers happy with this concept? Explain. 97. Department income totals $200,000, investment in the department is $2,000,000, and the company’s cost of capital is 8%. Required: a. Calculate the return on investment (ROI). b. Calculate economic value added. c. Assume there is a capital project that requires a $200,000 investment for a $18,000 return. Would the department manager be more likely to accept the project if department performance was evaluated using ROI or economic value added? Why? 98. |Cash |$ 25,000 |Accounts receivable |$ 15,000 | |Inventory |$ 60,000 | |Equipment, net |$300,000 | |Accounts payable |$ 50,000 | |Bonds payable (long-term) |$180,000 | |Common stock |$ 40,000 | |Retained earnings |$ 130,000 | Required: Use the information above to calculate the following ratios: a. the quick ratio; b. the current ratio; c. the debt ratio; and d. the debt-to-equity ratio. CRITICAL THINKING/ESSAY 99. What is financial control and how does it relate to nonfinancial measures? 100. Discuss at least two inefficiencies of financial control. 101. Describe a cost center. What are some of the problems faced by cost centers? 102. What types of revenues and costs are used to calculate segment margin? 103. Is segment margin an appropriate measure of financial performance for segment management? Why? 104. Why are transfer prices used? What is a market-based transfer price? 105. A division reports a 24. 5% ROI, a 9. 6% return on sales, and a 2. 55 asset turnover ratio. How can the manager of this division determine whether these results are favorable or not? 106Ratio values standing by themselves have little to no meaning. Describe at least two different ways to make ratios more useful. CHAPTER 12 FINANCIAL CONTROL TRUE/FALSE LO11. a LO12. b LO13. a LO14. a LO25. b LO26. a LO27. b LO38. a LO39. b LO310. a LO311. b LO312. b LO313. a LO314. a LO415. b LO416. b LO417. b LO418. a LO419. b LO520. a LO521. a LO522. b LO523. a LO724. b LO725. a LO726. a LO827. a LO828. b LO829. a LO830. a MULTIPLE CHOICE LO131. a LO132. c LO133. a LO134. d LO235. b LO236. c LO237. a LO238. d LO239. c LO340. c LO341. d LO342. a LO343. a LO344. b LO345. d LO346. c LO447. a LO448. d LO449. c LO450. d LO451. a LO452. c LO453. a LO454. c LO455. a LO456. d LO557. a LO558. c LO559. c LO560. b LO561. d LO662. c LO663. d LO664. a LO665. b LO766. d LO767. c LO768. b LO769. b LO770. a LO771. b LO772. c LO773. b LO774. a LO775. c LO776. d LO777. a LO778. b LO779. c LO880. d LO881. a LO882. a LO883. b LO884. c LO885. d LO886. c LO887. b LO888. d LO889. c LO890. b LO891. a MULTIPLE CHOICE 62. $9 x 1. 8 = $16. 20 63. The net income would be the same under both scenarios. 64. Revenue Costs ($10 x 100,000) = $800,000 Operating income 65. Revenues ($60 x 100,000) Cost ($26 x 100,000) = $3,400,000 Operating income 72. $600,000 / $2,400,000 = 25% 73. $2,400,000 / $3,000,000 = 80% 74. $600,000 / $3,000,000 = 20% OR 25% x 80% = 20% 87. $10,000 net income / ($15,000 + $25,000) common equity = 25% 88. Debt to equity ratio = total liabilities ($40,000 + $160,000) / total equity ($60,000 + 140,000) = 100%. Quick ratio = ($20,000 + $30,000) / current liabilities $40,000 = 1. 25. Current ratio = ($20,000 + $30,000 + $50,000) / current liabilities $20,000 = 2. 50. Debt ratio = total liabilities ($40,000 + $160,000) / total assets $400,000 = 50%. 89. Accumulated depreciation will be greater for Company D, resulting in lower total assets. Sales divided by a lower total assets results in a greater asset turnover ratio for Company D. Asset turnover ratio = sales / total assets. 90. Cost of sales is greater when using LIFO and ending inventory is less when using LIFO. Therefore, cost of sales / inventory will be greater for Acton Company. EXERCISE/PROBLEM LO2 92. (C / D / Both)a. Freedom for managers at lower organizational levels to make decisions (C / D / Both)b. Best suited to organizations within stable environments (C / D / Both)c. Greater responsiveness to user needs (C / D / Both)d. Use the most efficient technologies (C / D / Both)e. Maximum constraints and minimum freedom for managers at lowest levels (C / D / Both)f. Maximization of benefits over costs (C / D / Both)g. Minimization of duplicate functions (C / D / Both)h. Standard operating procedures (C / D / Both)i. Requires trust in employees at all levels (C / D / Both)j. Primarily task control rather than results control LO4 93. a. No, I would not recommend dropping the Omegadon product line because the $70,000 segment margin indicates that this product line contributes $70,000 toward corporate costs and profits. Also, segment income is $40,000 (positive) which includes all available costs. b. If the Chacko product line were discontinued, corporate profits would immediately decrease by $140,000, the amount reported for the contribution margin. c. If the Fiefer product line were discontinued and long-term capacity has had time to adjust, corporate profits would decrease by $120,000, the amount reported for the segment income. d. To maximize corporate profits, the Feifer product line should receive the advertising dollars because it has a contribution margin of approximately 46%, the highest contribution margin of the three product lines. e. The current segment margin statement could be made more understandable if the allocated corporate costs were only listed under the company total column, and they were not part of the computation for each product line segment. It is obvious that the corporate costs are arbitrarily allocated equally to each product line and arbitrary allocations do not aid in decision making. LO5 94. (M / C / N / A / All)a. Bargaining between selling and buying units (M / C / N / A / All)b. Objective and provides the proper economic incentives (M / C / N / A / All)c. 145% of full costs (M / C / N / A / All)d. Avoids confrontation and generally used when a transaction occurs frequently (M / C / N / A / All)e. Internal product transfers are required (M / C / N / A / All)f. Prices listed in a trade journal (M / C / N / A / All)g. Prices do not reflect pure economic considerations nor accountability considerations (M / C / N / A / All)h. Goal is to motivate decision makers to act in the organization’s best interest (M / C / N / A / All)i. Provides no incentive to the supplying division (M / C / N / A / All)j. Reflects support of the controllability principle LO3,6 95. a. |Cutting |Assembly | |Revenue |$660,000* |$2,500,000 | |Cost of services: | | | | Incurred |$ 660,000 |$ 360,000 | | Transferred-in | 0 | 660,000 | | Total |$ 660,000 |$1,020,000 | | | | | | Operating income |$ 0 |$1,480,000 | * 60,000 cords x $11 = $660,000 b. |Cutting |Assembly | |Revenue |$540,000* |$2,500,000 | |Cost of service | | | |Incurred |$ 660,000 |$ 360,000 | |Transferred-in | 0 | 540,000 | | Total |$ 660,0 00 |$ 900,000 | | | | | |Operating income (loss) |$(120,000) |$1,600,000 | * 60,000 cords x $9 = $540,000 c. The manager of Cutting cares about the transfer price if the division is a profit center but not if it is a cost center. Under the circumstances, the division probably should be a cost center and it should not worry about the profit it pretends to make by selling to another division. LO6 96. a. | |Cover Division |Assembly Division |Company | |Revenue: | | | | | External |$ 4,000,000 |$7,200,000 |$11,200,000 | | Internal |6,000,000 | 0 | 0 | | Total |$10,000,000 |$7,200,000 |$11,200,000 | |Cost of goods: | | | | | Incurred |$ 6,000,000 |$1,500,000 |$ 7,500,000 | | Transferred-in | 0 |6,000,000 | 0 | | Total |$ 6,000,000 |$7,500,000 |$ 7,500,000 | | | | | | |Operating income (loss) |$ 4,000,000 |$ (300,000) |$ 3,700,000 | b. The Assembly manager is probably not happy because the division is showing a loss. The manager would probably argue for a transfer price at something less than market price. However, since the market is open and competitive, the market price can be justified. The division needs to either increase its price or reduce its costs if it expects to show a profit. LO7 97. a. ROI is 10% ($200,000 department income / $2,000,000 investment in the department). b. Economic value added is $40,000 . c. By accepting the proposed project, the department’s ROI will be reduced by 0. 1% to 9. 9%. The department manager being evaluated on ROI will probably reject the $200,000 investment proposal even though the investment exceeds the company’s 8% cost of capital. New ROI of 9. 9% = $218,000 segment income / $2,200,000 investment in the segment. By accepting the proposed project, the economic value added will be increased to $42,000, an increase of $2,000. The department manager being evaluated on economic value added will probably choose to accept the nvestment since it increases economic value added for the department. New economic value added is $42,000 . LO8 98. a. Quick ratio = ($25,000 + $15,000) / current liabilities $50,000 = 0. 80 b. Current ratio = ($25,000 + $15,000 + $60,000) / current liabilities $50,000 = 2. 00. c. Debt ratio = total liabil ities ($50,000 + $180,000) / total assets $400,000 = 57. 5%. d. Debt-to-equity ratio = total liabilities ($50,000 + $180,000) / total equity ($40,000 + $130,000) = 135. 3%. CRITICAL THINKING/ESSAY LO1 99. What is financial control and how does it relate to nonfinancial measures? Solution: Financial control involves the use of financial measures to assess organization and management performance. Financial measures provide a signal that something is wrong, while nonfinancial measures identify what is wrong. For example, falling sales, a financial measure, indicates that something is wrong. However, the falling sales may result from poor quality, poor service, or high prices, which would be identified by the nonfinancial measures of the organization. LO1 100. Discuss at least two inefficiencies of financial control. Solution: First, financial control focuses on financial measures that do not measure other important attributes such as product quality, employee satisfaction, and customer service. Because these elements and others are important to the organization’s long-term success, they also should be measured and monitored. Financial control measures the effect of the overall level of performance and ignores the performance achieved on a more detailed level. For this reason, financial control does not suggest how to improve performance, but only serves as a signal of potential problems and opportunities. Financial control is oriented to short-term performance and it only considers how well the organization has performed this quarter or this year. This preoccupation with short-term success is debilitating because little attention gets focused on long-term improvement. LO3 101. Describe a cost center. What are some of the problems faced by cost centers? Solution: Cost centers are responsibility centers in which managers and other employees control only the costs of the product or service provided. A cost center cannot influence revenues or the level of investment Problems faced by cost centers include the significant behavioral effects of setting standards and interpreting variances on employees who may try to misrepresent performance potential and performance results. Measures other than financial measures of cost may need to be evaluated as well in order to get a clear picture of the cost center’s performance. LO4 102. What types of revenues and costs are used to calculate segment margin? Solution: The revenues used to compute segment margin include those directly traceable to the segment. Also included is the segment’s allocation of jointly-earned revenues and revenues earned from other responsibility centers that may be based on transfer prices. The costs used to compute segment margin include those directly traceable to the segment. Also included is the segment’s allocation of jointly-incurred costs and costs of items received internally from other responsibility centers that may be based on transfer prices. Only those costs that are considered under the control of the segment manager should be included. LO4 103. Is segment margin an appropriate measure of financial performance for segment management? Why? Solution: Yes, it is an appropriate measure because all of the revenues and costs used to compute segment margin are directly traceable to the segment and are essentially under the control of the segment manager. Segment income is also a valuable measure of performance because it considers all costs that could be avoided without the segment. LO5 104. Why are transfer prices used? What is a market-based transfer price? Solution: Transfer prices are used internally to value goods and services provided (transferred) by one division to another. The goal of transfer prices is to motivate the decision maker to act in the organization’s best interests. A market-based transfer price transfers those goods from one division to another at their current market value. LO7 105. A division reports a 24% ROI, a 9. 6% return on sales, and a 2. 55 asset turnover ratio. How can the manager of this division determine whether these results are favorable or not? Solution: Meaning is added when ratios are compared to past performance and trends are revealed. Also, ratios can be compared to industry averages and ratios of comparable organizations. To keep ratios in proper perspective, a background check into a company’s external environment should include information about general economic conditions, political events and political climate, and industry outlook. The trends or comparative differences help to determine if the division is doing well and they also provide signals of where to look for potential problems and opportunities. LO8 106. Ratio values standing by themselves have little to no meaning. Describe at least two different ways to make ratios more useful. Solution: (1) Meaning is added when ratios are compared to past performance and trends are revealed. (2) To add meaning, compare ratios to other relevant information such as industry averages and ratios of peer companies. (3) To keep ratios in proper perspective, a background check into a company’s external environment should include information about general economic conditions, political events and political climate, and industry outlook.

lasswells model of communicat Essay Example

lasswells model of communicat Essay An Evaluation of the 2004 Philippine Election Campaign Using Lasswell;s Model of Communication Comparing the recent Philippine election with the past ones, one would notice the great dependence on media during the campaign of the candidates in the recent race. It seems that most candidates really knew the extent of media;s influence in the outcome of the elections.Moreover, the results of the election further indicate how much media plays a part in our decisions for our country.Harold Lasswell;s communication model can be used to evaluate this recent event and see why some candidates prevailed and others did not. Thefirst stage of Lasswell;s model, ;Who;, seeks to explain who is in control.It would be reasonable to argue that those who were ;in control; in the campaign period were those who won seats in the government.In relation to George Gerbner;s model, those who were ;in control; were those who had access to the media.During the campaign period, TV audiences were bombarded with p olitical advertisements, of which candidates spent millions for, especially during prime time.Because of this expensive way of campaigning, we can conclude that riches played a great part in the recent elections.Money was one way of gaining access to the media in order to reach people of different sectors. Their frequent appearances have helped them gain recognition.Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo reportedly spent P333 million while Fernando Poe Jr. used up 92.1 million.Noli de Castro was said to have spent P89.6 million while his main vice presidential rival, Loren Legarda spent P64.9 million. Another VP candidate, Herminio Aquino declared in his statement of expenditures and contributions a total of P6.58 million, way below compared to that of the other two other candidates; expense.Among the senatorial bets, Manuel ;Mar; Roxas, the candidate with the most vote

The Life Cycle of a Star

The Life Cycle of a Star Introduction For millenniums, stars have fascinated the human race. In medieval times, these heavenly bodies were thought to possess mystical powers and some civilizations even worshiped them. This supernatural view was caused by the lack of information on the true nature of stars. Modern science has enabled man to study stars and come up with scientific explanations of what they are and why they shine. Astronomers in the 20th century have been able to come up with a credible model of the entire life cycle of stars. Green and Burnell (2004) state that the life cycle of a star takes place over a timescale that appears infinitely long to human beings. Astronomers are therefore unable to study the complete life cycle of stars since the changes occur at a very slow rate to be observed. The evolutionary pattern of stars is therefore deduced by observing their wide range at different stages of their existence. This paper will set out to provide a detailed description of the life-cycle of a star. Birth of a Star Stars are born from vast clouds of hydrogen gas and interstellar dust. This gas and dust clouds floating around in space are referred to as a nebula (NASA2010). Nebulas exist in different forms with some glowing brightly due to energizing of the gas by previously formed stars while others are dark due to the high density of hydrogen in the gas cloud.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Life Cycle of a Star specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A star is formed when the gas and dust making up the nebula start to contract due to their own gravitational pull. As this matter condenses due to gravitational pull, the gas and dust begin to spin. This spinning motion causes the matter to generate heat and it forms a dull red protostar (Krumenaker, 2005). When the protostar is formed, the remaining matter of the star is still spread over a significant amount of space. The protostar keeps heating up due to t he gravitational pressure until the temperature is high enough to initiate the nuclear fusion process (NASA, 2010). The minimum temperature required is about 15 million degrees Kelvin and it is achieved in the core of the protostar. The nuclear fusion process uses hydrogen as fuel to sustain the reaction and helium gas is formed from the fusion of the hydrogen nuclei. At this stage, the inward pull of gravity in the star is balanced by the outward pressure created by the heat of the nuclear fusion reaction taking place in the core of the star (Lang, 2013). Due to this balance, the star is stable and because of the nuclear fusion, considerable heat and a yellow light is emitted from the star, which is capable of shining for millions or even billions of years depending on its size. Mature and Ageing Stars The newly formed star is able to produce energy through nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium for millions to billions of years. During the nuclear fusion process, the heavier heliu m gas sinks into the core of the star. More heat is generated from this action and eventually, the hydrogen gas at the outer shell also begins to fuse (Krumenaker, 2005). This fusing causes the star to swell and its brightness increases significantly. The closest star to the Earth is the Sun and scientists predict that it is at this stage of its life cycle. The brightness of a star is directly related to its mass since the greater the mass, the greater the amount of hydrogen available for use in the process of nuclear fusion. Death of a Star A star dies when its fuel (hydrogen) is used up and the nuclear fusion process can no longer occur. Without the nuclear reaction, the star lacks the outward force necessary to prevent the mass of the gas and dust from crashing down upon it and consequently, it starts to collapse upon itself (Lang, 2013). As the star ages, it continues to expand and the hydrogen gas available for fuel is used up.Advertising Looking for essay on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The star collapses under its own weight and all the matter in the core is compressed causing it to be being heated up again. At this stage, the hydrogen in the core of the star is used up and the star burns up more complex elements including carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen as fuels. The surface therefore cools down and a red giant star, which is 100 times larger than the original yellow star, is formed. From this stage, the path followed in the cycle is determined by the individual mass of a star. Path for Low Mass Stars For low mass stars, which are about the same size as the Sun, a helium fusion process begins where the helium making up the core of the star fuses into carbon. At this stage, a different heating process from the original hydrogen nuclear fusion process occurs. Al-Khalili (2012) explains that due to the compression heat, the helium atoms are forced together to make heavier elemen ts. When this occurs, the star begins to shrink and during this process, materials are ejected to form a bright planetary nebula that drifts away. The remaining core turns into a small white dwarf star, which has an extremely high temperature. The white dwarf is capable of burning for a few billion years but eventually it cools. When this happens, a black crystalline object referred to as a black dwarf is formed. Path for High Mass Stars For high-mass stars which are significantly bigger than the Sun, the carbon produced from helium fission fuses with oxygen. More complex reactions occur and eventually an iron core is formed at the center of the star. Since this iron does not fuel the nuclear fission process, the outward pressure provided by the previous nuclear process does not occur and the star collapses. The collapse leads to a supernova explosion. Green and Burnell (2004) describe a Supernova as the explosive death of a star (p.164). During this explosion, the star produces an extreme amount of energy, some of which is carried away by a rapidly expanding shell of gas. The exploding star attains a brightness of 100 million suns although this amount of energy release can only last for a short duration of time. For stars that are about five to ten times heavier than the sun, the supernova is followed by a collapse of the remaining core to form a neutron star or pulsar. As the name suggests, neutron stars are made up of neutrons produced from the action of the supernova on the protons and electrons previously available in the star (Krumenaker, 2005). These stars have a very high density and a small surface area since their diameter stretches for only 20km (Al-Khalili, 2012). If the neutron star exhibits rapid spinning motion, it is referred to as a pulsar.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Life Cycle of a Star specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For stars that are 30 to 50 times heavier than t he Sun, the explosion and supernova formation lead to the formation of a black hole. In this case, the core of the star has a very high gravitational pull that prevents protons and neutrons from combining. Due to their immense gravitational pull, black holes swallow up objects surrounding them including stars and they lead to a distortion of the space. Parker (2009) observes that the gravity of the black hole is so strong that even light is unable to escape from this pull. The only substance thing that black holes emit is radiation mostly in the form of X-rays. Conclusion This paper set out to provide an informative description of the life cycle of a star. It started with nothing but modern astronomy has made it possible for mankind to come up with a convincing sequence for the life cycle of a star. The paper has noted that all stars are formed from a nebula cloud. It has revealed that the life expectancy of stars can vary from a million to many billions of years depending on their mass. A star begins to die when it runs out of hydrogen and the fusion reaction can no longer occur. The paper has also demonstrated that the death of a star is dependent on its mass. If a star is the size of the Sun, it will die off as a white dwarf while if it is significantly bigger, it will have an explosive death as a supernova. References Al-Khalili, J. (2012). Black Holes, Wormholes, and Time Machines. Boston: CRC Press. Green, S.F., Burnell, J. (2004). An Introduction to the Sun and Stars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Krumenaker, L. (2005). The Characteristics and the Life Cycle of Stars: An Anthology of Current Thought. NY: The Rosen Publishing Group.Advertising Looking for essay on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lang, R.K. (2013). The Life and Death of Stars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. NASA. (2010). The Life Cycles of Stars: How Supernovae Are Formed. Web. Parker, K. (2009). Black Holes. London: Marshall Cavendish.

Cost Descriptions Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cost Descriptions Paper - Essay Example However, the variable cost per unit is fixed for a specific level of production or cost. It will vary in total amount proportionately with some measures of business activity, like costs associated with power, maintenance, etc. Whereas Direct Cost are those cost which can be traced to a specific cost objective or costs which is easily traceable by per unit and allocated through cost centers. Like direct material, direct labor etc. Manufacturing Cost is the name of aggregate resources of direct material, direct labor and FOH which is allocated in manufacturing the product. Manufacturing costs are also referred to as production costs. Manufacturing cost also describes how much cost is incurred on each unit produced. By estimating the manufacturing cost, the management is able to value the units produced in a year, cost of goods sold and inventory, which ultimately, is reported in the income statement and balance sheet of the company. Manufacturing costs include all cost from acquisition of material to conversion into finished goods. Packing material, fuel expense, lubricants, depreciation on factory equipments, wages, repair and maintenance, all contribute to the manufacturing cost. Product Costs are those costs which are identifiable with the product either directly or indirectly. Product cost mainly consists of direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead. ... Moreover, if the product is sold it is recorded as Cost of Goods Sold in the books of accounts and then COGS is matched against the revenue (matching principle) generated by selling the product. In short, product costs are those costs which are treated as inventory that is ready for sale. They are treated as assets until the products are sold (Garrison, 2004). All those cost which are not attributed to product cost are treated as Period Cost. Period cost is treated as expensed and directly reported to income statement in the period when they are incurred. Period cost are not debated over purchase or cost of goods manufactured. Period cost include all selling expenses, general and administration expenses, interest expense and income tax expense (Garrison, 2004). In short, Period costs are reported on the income statement separated from the cost of goods sold section. The period cost is deducted from gross profit. Period cost is not essentially the part of the manufacturing process so therefore period cost is not treated as a cost of inventory (Meigs et al, 1999). An Opportunity Cost means to get or select the benefit of one alternative by rejecting the other opportunity. It is the cost associated with the best forgone alternative. The opportunity costs is not present in the books of accounts but it is relevant and appropriate with respect to managerial decision making. Like if a students decides to attend summer school rather than accepting a job of making $500 a week, than the true cost of attending school is more than just books, meals, housing etc and the opportunity cost is $500. Sunk Costs are not relevant in decision making because these costs have been incurred and cannot be changed. Like in the oil exploration